Which approach judges ethics by a universal code?

Which approach judges ethics by a universal code? (a) Deontological

(b) Ethical skepticism

(c) Utilitarianism

✅ Correct option: (a) Deontological

Explanation:

Deontological ethics judges actions based on universal moral rules, regardless of consequences. It emphasizes duty, rights, and ethical principles such as honesty and respect. Utilitarianism focuses on outcomes, while ethical skepticism denies objective ethics. Hence, option (a) is correct.

10 Related PPSC Facts:

Deontology emphasizes duty Universal moral rules apply Rights are central Ethics independent of outcomes Kantian ethics is deontological Used in research ethics Protects participant dignity Informed consent aligns with deontology Contrasts with utilitarianism Ethical codes are rule-based

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Means that the participant's identity, although known to the researcher, is not revealed to anyone outside of the researcher and his or her staff.