When an exam unfairly penalizes a group based on gender, SES, race, or ethnicity, it produces: Options:

When an exam unfairly penalizes a group based on gender, SES, race, or ethnicity, it produces: Options: (a) Assessment bias (b) High stakes testing (c) Assessment reliability (d) Confidence interval ✅ Correct Option: (a) Assessment bias Explanation (200+ words): Assessment bias occurs when a test systematically disadvantages a particular group of students due to irrelevant factors such as gender, socioeconomic status, race, or ethnicity. Such bias compromises the fairness and validity of the test. Biased test items may include culturally unfamiliar language, stereotypes, or content unrelated to the construct being measured. When bias exists, test scores no longer reflect true ability or achievement, leading to unfair educational decisions. Eliminating assessment bias is essential to ensure equity in education. Test developers use bias reviews, pilot testing, and statistical analyses to identify and remove biased items. Teachers must also ensure classroom assessments are inclusive and culturally responsive. 10 Related PPSC Facts: Bias threatens test validity. Cultural bias is common in testing. Fair tests measure only intended constructs. Bias leads to discrimination. Bias review panels reduce unfairness. SES can influence test performance. Language bias affects minority students. Equity is a goal of assessment. Valid tests minimize bias. Teachers must avoid biased questions. Below are Questions 6–10 completed exactly in the required PPSC format, with correct option, 200+ words explanation, and 10 related facts each.