Variables other than independent variable which can affect dependent variable are called:

Variables other than independent variable which can affect dependent variable are called: (a) Relevant variable (b) Dependent variable (c) Independent variable (d) None of above ✅ Correct Option: (a) Relevant variable Explanation: Relevant variables are those variables other than the independent variable that may influence the dependent variable. These variables are significant because they can distort or influence the results of an experiment if not controlled properly. Examples include age, intelligence, motivation, prior knowledge, environmental conditions, and emotional state. In research methodology, identifying and controlling relevant variables is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of experimental findings. If these variables are not controlled, the researcher cannot confidently say that changes in the dependent variable occurred solely due to the independent variable. For example, while studying the effect of teaching method on learning, students’ intelligence or socio-economic background can act as relevant variables. Researchers either control these variables or keep them constant. Thus, variables other than the independent variable that influence the dependent variable are called relevant variables, making option (a) correct. 10 PPSC-Relevant Facts: 1. Relevant variables affect results 2. Also called extraneous variables 3. Must be controlled 4. Affect dependent variable indirectly 5. Include age and intelligence 6. Reduce research validity if ignored 7. Important in experiments 8. Controlled through randomization 9. Increase accuracy of findings 10. Common PPSC research MCQ