Total quality management in planning means:

Total quality management in planning means: Options: (a) Total school management (b) Maximum productivity management (c) Zero defect management (d) Total management of quality ✅ Correct Answer: (c) Zero defect management Explanation: Total Quality Management (TQM) is a management philosophy focused on continuous improvement, customer satisfaction, and error prevention. In the context of planning, TQM emphasizes zero defect management, meaning planning is done in such a way that errors, wastage, and inefficiencies are minimized from the very beginning. Zero defect planning ensures that objectives, resources, procedures, and responsibilities are clearly defined to avoid mistakes during implementation. Instead of correcting errors later, TQM focuses on preventing defects at the planning stage. This approach saves time, cost, and effort, and leads to higher efficiency and effectiveness. In educational administration, TQM helps institutions improve academic quality, administrative services, and stakeholder satisfaction. Planning under TQM involves teamwork, data-based decision making, and continuous evaluation. PPSC considers TQM important because it is applied in educational management, public administration, and organizational leadership. 10 PPSC-Related Facts: 1. TQM focuses on continuous improvement. 2. Planning aims at error prevention. 3. Zero defect means no mistakes allowed. 4. Introduced by W. Edwards Deming. 5. Emphasizes teamwork. 6. Improves institutional efficiency. 7. Used in education and industry. 8. Customer satisfaction is central to TQM. 9. Reduces wastage of resources. 10. Frequently asked in education administration MCQs.