The term 'identical elements' is closely associated with–

The term 'identical elements' is closely associated with– Options: (a) Group instruction (b) Transfer of learning (c) Jealousy between twins (d) Similar test questions ✅ Correct option: (b) Transfer of learning Explanation (200+ words): The “identical elements theory” was proposed by Edward Thorndike to explain transfer of learning. It states that learning transfers from one task to another to the extent that the tasks share common elements. For example, skills learned in solving one type of math problem are more likely to transfer to another problem with similar structure. The theory emphasizes practical applicability of prior knowledge, guiding teachers to design learning experiences that maximize skill transfer. This principle is critical in curriculum design and skill-based education. Options (a) group instruction, (c) jealousy, and (d) similar test questions are not related to the concept of transfer of learning. Hence, option (b) is correct. 10 PPSC-Oriented Facts: 1. Proposed by Edward Thorndike. 2. Focuses on learning transfer. 3. Common elements between tasks are essential. 4. Influences curriculum design. 5. Promotes skill generalization. 6. Helps in designing practice exercises. 7. Applicable in vocational education. 8. Theoretical basis for reinforcement learning. 9. Maximizes educational efficiency. 10. Frequently tested in educational psychology questions.