The hypothetical estimate of variation in scores if testing were repeated is called:

The hypothetical estimate of variation in scores if testing were repeated is called: Options: (a) The range (b) The standard error of measurement (c) The true score (d) The standard deviation ✅ Correct Option: (b) The standard error of measurement Explanation (200+ words): The standard error of measurement (SEM) is a statistical estimate that reflects how much a test score might vary if the same person were tested repeatedly under identical conditions. It is based on the reliability of the test and the standard deviation of scores. SEM helps educators interpret test scores more accurately by acknowledging that all measurement involves some degree of error. A smaller SEM indicates a more reliable test. For example, if a student scores 80 with an SEM of ±3, the true score likely lies between 77 and 83. SEM is crucial in high-stakes testing because it provides a confidence range rather than a single rigid score. It ensures fairer decisions related to promotion, certification, and placement. 10 Related PPSC Facts: SEM reflects measurement error. Lower SEM means higher reliability. Derived from test reliability. Used to create confidence intervals. Important in high-stakes exams. Not the same as standard deviation. Applies to individual scores. Helps in score interpretation. SEM assumes repeated testing. Enhances fairness in assessment.