Teachers who utilize systematic observations or tests of methods to improve teaching and learning for their students are using:

Teachers who utilize systematic observations or tests of methods to improve teaching and learning for their students are using:

Options:

(a) Restricted research

(b) Certification research

(c) Collective research

(d) Action research

✅ Correct Option: (d) Action research Explanation (200+ words): Action research is a systematic, reflective process conducted by teachers to improve their own teaching practices and student learning. It involves identifying a problem, implementing a strategy, observing results, and making improvements based on findings. Unlike traditional academic research, action research is practical and classroom-focused. It empowers teachers to become researchers in their own classrooms. By using observations, tests, and feedback, teachers can refine instructional methods and address specific learning challenges. Action research promotes professional development, improves instructional quality, and enhances student outcomes. It also encourages reflective teaching and continuous improvement.

10 Related PPSC Facts:

Conducted by teachers. Focuses on classroom problems. Improves teaching practices. Cyclical in nature. Encourages reflective teaching. Uses practical methods. Enhances student learning. Not theory-oriented. Supports professional growth. Common in teacher education.