A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):

A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):

Options:

(a) Categorical variable

(b) Dependent variable

(c) Independent variable

(d) Intervening variable

✅ Correct Option: (c) Independent variable

Explanation (200+ words):

The independent variable is the variable that the researcher manipulates or considers as the cause in a cause-and-effect relationship. It is presumed to influence or bring about changes in another variable, known as the dependent variable. In experimental research, the independent variable is deliberately controlled or changed to observe its effect. For example, a teaching method (independent variable) may affect student achievement (dependent variable). Identifying independent variables correctly is essential for establishing causal relationships and designing valid experiments. The independent variable provides the basis for comparison and analysis in research studies.

10 Related PPSC Facts:

Presumed cause variable. Manipulated by researcher. Influences dependent variable. Used in experiments. Central to causal research. Can be categorical or continuous. Tested for effects. Key part of hypothesis. Controlled in experiments. Essential research concept.