Selecting cases that disconfirm expectations is called:

Selecting cases that disconfirm expectations is called: (a) Extreme case sampling

(b) Typical-case sampling

(c) Critical-case sampling

(d) Negative-case sampling

✅ Correct option: (d) Negative-case sampling

Explanation:

Negative-case sampling involves intentionally selecting cases that contradict or challenge the researcher’s expectations or emerging patterns. This technique strengthens qualitative research by testing and refining interpretations. It helps ensure that conclusions are not biased and that alternative explanations are considered. Therefore, option (d) is correct.

10 Related PPSC Facts:

Negative cases contradict patterns Used in qualitative research Improves credibility Refines theory Tests assumptions Reduces researcher bias Enhances trustworthiness Common in grounded theory Supports rigorous analysis Encourages reflexivity