Research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable

Research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable (a) causal-comparative research

(b) experimental research

(c) ethnography

(d) correlational research

✅ Correct option: (b) experimental research

Explanation (200+ words):

Experimental research is the only research design in which the researcher actively manipulates the independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable. This manipulation allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships. In experimental research, participants are usually randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Other research designs such as correlational or causal-comparative do not involve manipulation. Ethnography is a qualitative method focused on cultural study. Therefore, the correct answer is experimental research.

10 Related PPSC Facts:

Experimental research manipulates IV Establishes causality Uses control and experimental groups Random assignment is common High internal validity Uses hypothesis testing Requires controlled conditions IV affects DV Used in scientific studies Strongest research design