Research hypotheses are:

Research hypotheses are: (a) Formulated prior to literature review

(b) Statements of predicted relationships

(c) Stated so they can be confirmed or refuted

(d) b and c

✅ Correct option: (d) b and c

Explanation:

Research hypotheses are formal statements predicting relationships between variables. They are developed after reviewing relevant literature, not before. A good hypothesis must be testable, meaning it can be supported or rejected through empirical evidence. Option (b) correctly identifies hypotheses as predictive statements. Option (c) correctly emphasizes testability. Option (a) is incorrect. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.

10 Related PPSC Facts:

Hypotheses predict relationships Must be testable Derived from theory Based on literature review Can be null or research hypotheses Guide data analysis Quantitative research uses hypotheses Clear hypotheses improve focus Hypotheses link IV and DV Statistical tests evaluate hypotheses