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administration-and-management
  • What a person gives up when making a decision is commonly called:
  • The decision-making process is a set of eight steps that begins with
  • When purchasing a new car, consumers will consider mileage, color, and style, such as price, gas
  • ______ includes putting a decision into action, conveying the decision to those affected, and getting their commitment to it.
  • Managerial decision making is assumed to be ______ in that managers make consistent, value-maximizing choices within specific constraints.
  • ______ implies that managers can make accurate decisions because the outcome of every alternative is known.
  • When managers assign probabilities to outcomes that may result, they are dealing with
  • Creativity can be limited by the organizational factor
  • When managers construct simplified models that extract essential features without capturing complexities, they are making decisions based on
  • When decision makers behave rationally within bounded rationality limits, the result is a ______ decision.
  • Which of the following is a common pitfall in the shared decision-making process?
  • If standardized test data are used in the principal's study, which should the principal consider to measure performance across repeated test administrations?
  • What is the first step of the standard agenda?
  • The nominal group technique is a good way to allow all group members to have a say in the final decision?
  • Which decision-making rule has all the group members agreeing on the final decision?
  • Which decision-making rule has the group give up its say in the final decision?
  • Organizational behavior is all of the following EXCEPT:
  • The four management functions include all of the following EXCEPT
  • According to the text, the best approach for obtaining knowledge about human behavior is:
  • The ______ assumption is being replaced by one that recognizes and values ______.
  • When Lilly overstates the risk of swimming due to the risk of shark attack, she is employing a(n)
  • ______ represents the tendency to stay the course, despite negative data that suggest one should do otherwise.
  • The statement "we promote from within, whenever possible" is an example of
  • Which of the following is an example of a non-programmed decision?
  • Organizational design decisions are typically made by
  • In ______ a job is broken into steps, and each step is completed by a separate individual.
  • For a manager to control or direct the work of an employee, the manager must have
  • Jean is a staffing manager at a car manufacturing plant. Her function would be best described as having
  • Which of the following is NOT one of the five types of power described by French and Raven?
  • Gary is powerful because he can decide year-end bonuses. This is referred to as
  • ______ is a function of how much decision-making authority is pushed down to lower levels.
  • A plant with HR, engineering, purchasing, and accounting is organized on the basis of
  • An organic organization is characterized by
  • Which structure defies the rule of having only one boss but keeps functional specialization?
  • Organizations that continuously adapt and change because members solve problems actively are called ______ organizations.
  • The characteristic of culture showing concern for employees is
  • The stronger the organization’s ______, the less managers need formal rules.
  • Organizational behavior is the study of
  • The element of motivation that is an internal state making outcomes attractive is
  • Situational Leadership Theory: style with both directive and supportive behavior is
  • The universities of ______ and Halle were Prussian institutions emphasizing economic disciplines.
  • Public administrators collect and analyze data, monitor budgets, draft legislation, and develop policy.
  • Classic scholars including Plato, ______, and Machiavelli shaped public administration.
  • Public management” refers to routine management concerns in achieving
  • In the ______ the academic field draws heavily on political science and law.
  • The pursuit of public good by ensuring a fair and effective public service relates to
  • Scholars such as John A. Rohr write about constitutional legitimacy of government ______.
  • Public administration can be broadly defined as implementation and study of ______.
  • Public administration is carried out by ______ who work in agencies at all levels.
  • The final step of the decision-making process is:
  • Examples of substitutes do NOT include which of the following?
  • Which skills might be included in leadership training?
  • Honesty is absolutely essential to leadership.
  • Transformational leadership is built on top of transactional leadership.
  • Work specialization is the same as:
  • The ______ is characterized by highly routine operating tasks achieved through specialization.
  • The ______ violates the unity-of-command concept.
  • The ______ is also called the network or modular organization.
  • The boundaryless organization relies heavily on:
  • The ______ is characterized by extensive departmentalization, high formalization, limited information network, and centralization.
  • What is a budget?
  • What is the leadership skill?
  • What is NOT a main role of leadership?
  • Which is NOT a type of supervision?
  • Which is NOT a characteristic of modern supervision?
  • What is the main function of management?
  • Essential skill of management?
  • What does management work method involve?
  • Which is NOT a classical management theory?
  • Who is the main contributor to Bureaucratic management?
  • _____ means organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in gender, race & ethnicity.
  • ______ differences helped us understand value and behavior differences across countries.
  • Which discipline contributed MOST to understanding individual behavior?
  • Individual-level independent variables include:
  • OB studies individuals, groups, and structure to improve effectiveness.
  • Robert Katz identified technical, human & conceptual skills.
  • Process of organizing and interpreting sensory impressions is called:
  • NOT a factor influencing perception:
  • Because we cannot notice everything, we engage in:
  • Because we cannot notice everything, we engage in:
  • Decision quality is largely influenced by:
  • According to Fiedler's contingency theory, if there is NOT a match of leadership style to the group situation, what should be done?
  • The leader-participation model was developed by
  • Vroom and Yetton's leadership theory could also be described as a ____ theory.
  • Management is about coping with complexity while leadership is about coping with change.
  • Trait research provides a basis for selecting the "right" person to assume formal leadership roles.
  • Which of the following is NOT a dimension of trust?
  • The ability to inspire followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the company is part of ____ leadership.
  • Leaders demonstrate framing when they use language to:
  • Which of the following is NOT one of the specific team-based managerial roles?
  • A ____ is a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee.
  • Which of the following is NOT a determinant of an organization’s structure?
  • Changes in corporate strategy precede and lead to:
  • Process reengineering requires organizing around which type of process?
  • What is action research?
  • Resistance can be:
  • Refreezing involves:
  • The arrangement of one’s workplace is important because:
  • Which programs focus on an employee’s mental & physical condition?
  • Educational Administration studies:
  • Administrators’ duty is:
  • NOT a step in rational decision making:
  • People with the ____ style adapt to novel situations.
  • NOT an organizational constraint:
  • Greatest good for greatest number is:
  • The reality of a situation is what is behaviorally important.
  • Expectations distort perception; we see what we expect.
  • Which is true?
  • People are born with traits that predispose them to leadership—this is:
  • Consideration was missing in behavioral theories:
  • Fiedler assumes leadership style is:
  • Main function of Administration:
  • School administration follows principles of:
  • Educational administration concerns which level?
  • Administration is determinative; management is:
  • Purpose of General Administration:
  • Principles of organization include:
  • Characteristics of a learning organization:
  • Characteristics of formal organization:
  • Benefit of informal organization:
  • Key characteristic of informal organization:
  • Disadvantage of informal groups:
  • Basic function of management:
  • Main contributor of scientific management theory:
  • Frank & Lillian Gilbreth were:
  • Basic principle of Administrative theory:
  • Who is Maslow?
  • Maslow’s hierarchy includes:
  • Psychological need:
  • Social needs:
  • Administrative tasks include:

Refreezing involves:

Refreezing involves:

(a) Movement to a new state
(b) Retrograde to an old state
(c) Making a new change permanent
(d) Training employees

✅ Correct option: (c) Making a new change permanent
Explanation: Lewin's model: unfreeze → move → refreeze (stabilize).

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