Most of our classroom assessments are:

Most of our classroom assessments are: Options: (a) Criterion reference test (b) Norm reference test (c) Summative assessment (d) Formative assessment ✅ Correct Answer: (a) Criterion reference test Explanation: Most classroom assessments are criterion-referenced tests because they measure a student’s performance against predefined learning objectives or criteria, not against the performance of other students. In classroom settings, teachers design tests, quizzes, assignments, and projects to evaluate whether students have achieved specific learning outcomes outlined in the curriculum. For example, a mathematics test may assess whether a student can solve linear equations, regardless of how other students perform. Criterion-referenced assessments help teachers identify strengths and weaknesses of individual learners and guide instructional decisions. These assessments focus on mastery learning, meaning students are evaluated based on how well they meet instructional goals. Classroom tests, homework, quizzes, and performance tasks are usually criterion-based because they aim to improve learning rather than rank students. In contrast, norm-referenced tests compare students with each other and are commonly used in competitive exams, not regular classroom assessments. While formative and summative assessments describe the purpose or timing of assessment, criterion-referenced tests describe the basis of interpretation, which is most relevant in classrooms. Hence, most classroom assessments are criterion-referenced in nature. 10 Related Facts (PPSC-Oriented): 1. Criterion-referenced tests assess achievement against fixed standards. 2. Classroom quizzes are mostly criterion-based. 3. Norm-referenced tests rank students. 4. Board exams are often summative in nature. 5. Diagnostic tests identify learning difficulties. 6. Formative assessment improves learning during instruction. 7. Summative assessment evaluates learning at the end. 8. Criterion tests support mastery learning. 9. Teacher-made tests are usually criterion-referenced. 10. PPSC often differentiates between assessment purpose and reference.