Learning of its nature involves hardworking and often unwilling application, the heart of the education process and the school should retain traditional methods of mental discipline these are the characteristics of?

Learning of its nature involves hardworking and often unwilling application, the initiative in education should lie with the teacher rather than with the pupil, the heart of the education process is the assimilation of prescribed subject matter and the school should retain traditional methods of mental discipline, these are the characteristics of?
(a) Pragmatism
(b) Perennialism
(c) Essentialism
(d) Reconstructionism

✅ Correct Answer: (c) Essentialism
Explanation: Essentialism stresses discipline, teacher authority, and mastery of core knowledge. Students must work hard, while teachers lead the learning process through structured and traditional methods.