In management, the factor that cannot be empirically measured, observed or analyzed is:
In management, the factor that cannot be empirically measured, observed or analyzed is:
Options:
(a) Staffing
(b) Motivation
(c) Budgeting
(d) Risk
✅ Correct Answer:
(b) Motivation
Explanation:
Motivation is an abstract psychological factor that cannot be directly measured or observed, unlike staffing, budgeting, or risk, which can be quantified and analyzed empirically. Motivation influences behavior, performance, and satisfaction, but it is evaluated through indirect indicators such as performance outcomes, surveys, or feedback.
In management, understanding motivation is crucial for employee productivity, classroom performance, and leadership effectiveness. Motivational theories such as Maslow’s hierarchy, Herzberg’s two-factor theory, and Vroom’s expectancy theory are applied to enhance engagement and efficiency. PPSC exams often include questions about intangible factors in management and their implications for organizational behavior.
10 Related Facts:
- Motivation is abstract and intangible.
- Influences performance and behavior.
- Staffing is measurable (number of employees).
- Budgeting is quantifiable (financial resources).
- Risk can be analyzed statistically.
- Motivational theories help in management.
- Maslow, Herzberg, and Vroom are key theorists.
- Classroom and organizational motivation are linked.
- Measured indirectly via outcomes and surveys.
- Frequently asked in PPSC management and educational psychology MCQs.