In looking at the relationships between coding categories, the relation “X is a kind of Y” in Spradley’s taxonomy of semantic relations is labeled:

In looking at the relationships between coding categories, the relation “X is a kind of Y” in Spradley’s taxonomy of semantic relations is labeled: Options: (a) Spatial (b) Rationale (c) Means-end (d) Strict inclusion ✅ Correct Option: (d) Strict inclusion Explanation (200+ words): The relationship “X is a kind of Y” represents a classification relationship, where one concept is a subcategory or type of a broader category. In Spradley’s taxonomy, this is known as strict inclusion. For example, “lecture method” is a kind of “teaching method,” or “formative assessment” is a kind of “assessment.” Strict inclusion relationships help researchers develop hierarchical category systems in qualitative analysis. This allows data to be organized from general to specific. Spradley emphasized that strict inclusion is one of the most frequently used semantic relations because it reflects how people naturally classify objects, ideas, and experiences. It is especially useful in coding interviews, observations, and documents where participants describe categories and types. 10 PPSC-Related Facts: 1. Strict inclusion = “kind of” 2. Creates hierarchical categories 3. Common in qualitative coding 4. Used in taxonomy building 5. Helps organize themes 6. Important in ethnographic analysis 7. Supports theory development 8. Reflects natural classification 9. Key Spradley relation 10. PPSC frequently asks this concept