Expectancy theory supports the idea that grading systems should be

Expectancy theory supports the idea that grading systems should be

Options:

(a) Very easy

(b) Challenging but not extremely difficult

(c) Bimodal

(d) Extremely difficult

✅ Correct Option: (b) Challenging, but not extremely difficult

Explanation (200+ words):

Expectancy theory states that motivation depends on the belief that effort will lead to success and that success is valued. If tasks are too easy, students are not challenged; if too difficult, students lose motivation. A moderately challenging grading system encourages effort while maintaining realistic expectations of success. This balance maximizes motivation and engagement. Thus, expectancy theory supports grading systems that are challenging but achievable.

10 Related PPSC Facts:

Expectancy theory explains motivation. Proposed by Vroom. Effort linked to outcome belief. Extremely difficult tasks demotivate. Easy tasks reduce engagement. Balanced challenge is ideal. Motivation needs expectancy. Value of success matters. Used in education planning. Supports fair grading.