Decisions are made by the leader after consultation of selected colleagues in:

Decisions are made by the leader after consultation of selected colleagues in: Options: (a) Democratic model (b) Mushawarati Model (c) Authoritarian Model (d) Laissez-faire Model ✅ Correct Answer: (b) Mushawarati Model Explanation: The Mushawarati Model of leadership is based on the principle of consultation (Shura), where the leader seeks advice and opinions from selected and experienced colleagues before making a final decision. Although the leader holds the ultimate authority, decision-making is enriched through consultation, which ensures better understanding, acceptance, and effectiveness of decisions. In educational institutions, this model is widely practiced by principals and heads who consult senior teachers, subject experts, or administrative staff before implementing policies. Mushawarati leadership promotes teamwork, mutual respect, and collective responsibility while maintaining administrative discipline. Unlike the democratic model, where decisions are taken collectively by all members, the Mushawarati model involves consultation with selected members only. It differs from the authoritarian model, where the leader takes decisions independently without consultation, and from laissez-faire, where leadership involvement is minimal. This model is particularly effective in culturally and religiously oriented organizations and is often highlighted in Pakistani educational administration contexts. Hence, the correct answer is Mushawarati Model. 10 Related Facts (PPSC-Focused): 1. Mushawarati means consultation-based leadership. 2. Rooted in Islamic administrative principles. 3. Leader retains final authority. 4. Encourages cooperation and trust. 5. Used in school administration. 6. Democratic leadership involves all members. 7. Authoritarian leadership avoids consultation. 8. Laissez-faire leadership gives full freedom. 9. Improves decision quality. 10. Commonly tested in PPSC education papers.