All of the following advanced principles of child development that are closely allied to the stimulus-response learning theory, except–

All of the following advanced principles of child development that are closely allied to the stimulus-response learning theory, except– Options: (a) Pavlov (b) JB Watson (c) Hull (d) Gesell ✅ Correct option: (d) Gesell Explanation (200+ words): Stimulus-response (S-R) learning theories are primarily associated with behaviorists like Pavlov, Watson, and Hull, who emphasized conditioning and observable behavior. Pavlov introduced classical conditioning, Watson promoted behaviorism, and Hull worked on drive-reduction theory. In contrast, Arnold Gesell is known for his maturational theory, which focuses on heredity and biological maturation as primary determinants of child development. His work is not directly connected to S-R learning principles. Therefore, the correct answer is Gesell, as he represents biological rather than behavioral approaches. 10 PPSC-Oriented Facts: 1. Pavlov = classical conditioning. 2. Watson = behaviorism. 3. Hull = drive-reduction theory. 4. Gesell = maturational theory. 5. S-R learning emphasizes observable behavior. 6. Conditioning is central to S-R theory. 7. Gesell focused on biological maturation. 8. Behaviorists emphasize reinforcement. 9. Stimulus-response theory is foundational in behavior modification. 10. Distinction: biological vs behavioral theories.