According to whom, the ego is not merely the result of drive-reality conflict but also the result of innate or autonomous functions?

According to whom, the ego is not merely the result of drive-reality conflict but also the result of innate or autonomous functions? (a) Freud (b) Maslow (c) Miller (d) Heinz Hartmann ✅ Correct Option: (d) Heinz Hartmann Explanation: Heinz Hartmann, an ego psychologist, proposed that the ego has autonomous functions independent of conflict. This expanded Freud’s view and emphasized adaptation. 10 PPSC-Relevant Facts: 1. Hartmann founded ego psychology. 2. Ego has autonomous functions. 3. Not all ego functions arise from conflict. 4. Emphasized adaptation. 5. Expanded psychoanalysis. 6. Focused on normal functioning. 7. Reduced emphasis on pathology. 8. Influenced modern clinical psychology. 9. Differed from classical Freud. 10. Important theorist for PPSC exams.