According to Al-Ghazali:

According to Al-Ghazali: (a) Medical education is optional (b) Medical education and mathematics are optional (c) Medical education, mathematics, and agriculture are optional (d) All above ✅ Correct Option: (d) All above Explanation: According to Imam Al-Ghazali, certain branches of knowledge are classified as Fard-e-Kifayah (collective obligation). These include medicine, mathematics, and agriculture. He believed that if some members of society acquire these sciences, the obligation is fulfilled for the entire community. Al-Ghazali did not consider these fields optional in the sense of being unimportant; rather, they were socially necessary but not required of every individual. Medicine ensures public health, mathematics supports commerce and science, and agriculture sustains life. If society neglects these disciplines, the entire community is sinful. This balanced classification reflects Al-Ghazali’s integration of religious and worldly knowledge. PPSC frequently tests his educational philosophy, especially his division of knowledge into Fard-e-Ain and Fard-e-Kifayah. 10 PPSC-Relevant Facts: 1. Al-Ghazali was an Islamic philosopher. 2. Classified knowledge into categories. 3. Fard-e-Ain is obligatory on all. 4. Fard-e-Kifayah is collective duty. 5. Medicine is socially essential. 6. Mathematics supports society. 7. Agriculture sustains life. 8. Balanced religious and worldly knowledge. 9. Education serves society. 10. Common MCQ topic in Islamic education.