A set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain rules is called

A set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain rules is called

(a) Sample

(b) Population

(c) Statistic

(d) Element

✅ Correct option: (a) Sample

Explanation (200+ words):

In research methodology and statistics, a sample refers to a subset of individuals, objects, or observations selected from a larger group known as the population. The purpose of selecting a sample is to study and analyze characteristics of a population without examining every single member, which is often impractical due to time, cost, and resource limitations. Samples are chosen according to specific rules or sampling techniques such as random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, or cluster sampling to ensure representativeness. A well-selected sample reflects the essential characteristics of the population, enabling researchers to generalize findings accurately. For example, in educational research, instead of studying all students in Punjab, a sample of students from different districts may be selected. If sampling rules are violated, results may become biased and unreliable. A population includes all elements under study, while a statistic is a numerical value calculated from sample data, such as mean or standard deviation. An element refers to a single member of the population. Hence, the correct answer is sample, as it specifically denotes a subset drawn from a larger population following defined rules.

10 Related PPSC Facts:

Sampling reduces research cost. Random sampling minimizes bias. Population is the entire group under study. Sample size affects accuracy. Statistics summarize sample data. Sampling frame lists population elements. Biased samples reduce validity. Inferential statistics use samples. Census studies entire populations. Probability sampling allows generalization.